The Target Principles of Smart Grid Architecture and the Evolution of Smart Grid Architecture

introduction

With the urgent demand for smart grids, countries are accelerating the deployment and promotion of smart grid construction. Many international organizations have already issued a series of white papers, standards, and road maps for smart grid architectures, and are still continuously improving and researching [1]. For example, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has released the 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 drafts of the “Intelligent Grid Interoperability System Framework and Roadmap”. The smart grid is divided into 7 areas, focusing on interoperability. A series of standards, specifications and guidelines were proposed and a priority action plan was developed; IEC TR 62357, one of the core standards of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 57th Technical Committee (TC57), describes the framework of the reference framework for smart grids. , including the integration of data models, services, protocols, and all future-oriented system integration applications [2-4].

China also made certain contributions in smart grid standards. For example, the IEEE 1888 working group proposed a ubiquitous green community control network standard to build a smart energy “energy generation, energy storage, and energy saving” for the construction of the energy Internet; IEC PC118 Working Group The user-side system/device information exchange interface is emphasized, and the "Smart Grid User Interface Technical Specification" [5-6] has been formed. However, China has no relevant work in the smart grid architecture, and the State Grid Corporation of China has only put forward a strong smart grid standard system framework [7]. This article is based on smart grid-related standards, specifications, white papers, and architectural frameworks put forward by many authoritative organizations, combined with the development path of IT architecture, describes the objectives of the smart grid architecture and the evolution path of the smart grid architecture, and proposes to meet the future smart grid Service-centric architecture assumptions of uncertainty demand.

1 Goal Principles of Smart Grid Architecture

The next 20 years will be a transitional period from the transformation of "traditional power grids" to "smart grids," and it will take a long time to improve and replace [8]. The goals of the smart grid architecture mainly include: strong adaptability to new technologies, and the integration of new information and communication technologies with traditional grids to ensure that the system can still operate efficiently and stably after adding new functional modules; control information and communication technology (ICT) system support The increasing complexity of grid intelligence; new technologies are aligned with the strategic goals and development plans of smart grids; and formulating long-term plans not only to achieve a smart grid vision, but also to meet future uncertain business needs; to support all types of interactions and ensure Interoperate to avoid islands of information; the smart grid architecture is ultimately simple and transparent.

After determining the goals of the smart grid architecture, a series of high-level design principles are needed to guide the development of the architecture. Based on the smart grid vision and development trends, business needs, corporate capital and investment costs, decision-making, etc., from the design and development of technical personnel, management From the perspectives of personnel, users and decision-makers, the following principles for the development of the framework are proposed [8-11]:

(1) Simplify the system structure and create a measurement mechanism. The use of strategic asset advantages simplifies the system structure, and in particular, simplifies the internal processes of the company and greatly improves employee productivity. Important technology decisions should be based on total cost of ownership, establish a measurable mechanism for corporate performance and value, verify whether the current ICT model is the best model, and at the same time maximize ICT investment return.

(2) Development is closely related to the needs and facilitates subsequent development. Utilize business processes to transform development into “process-centric”, drive ICT development, continuously improve its effectiveness and service efficiency; develop common data models, create a unified, easy-to-access data dictionary, and achieve rapid data exchange, integration, and sharing. Reduce data conversion, improve operational efficiency; processes, data, services, and even ICT systems should be reusable to accelerate business delivery capabilities, reduce input costs, and keep systems in a sustainable state; in addition, applications should be portable Requires the use of open standards and common data models and modeling methods to make programs independent of platform, location, and virtualization, and to rapidly add, modify, delete, and replace services.

(3) Make full use of existing resources and avoid large-scale reconstruction. Maximize the current system and equipment components, reduce low-value applications and introduction, in order to call high-value applications and reuse existing common services, not only reduce the redundancy and development costs of basic services, speed up the progress of the service market, but also improve the system Interoperability, optimizing the manageability of key business. This requires analyzing the integration of existing resources and designing business processes and solutions that use existing products or services.

(4) Value trusted data sources and develop data quality plans. The information that supports decision-making must come from a trusted data source. This requires a clear determination of the trusted data source and a clear division of the business domain to which it is applied; creating a master database in a trusted data source facilitates retrieval by other programs. Information, to better protect the integrity and reliability of information, while reducing data management costs; to develop data quality plans for all businesses, to avoid operational errors or even mistakes in decision-making due to data errors, and to ensure good data quality.

2 Smart Grid Evolution

In the future, smart grids are based on open standards and highly integrated centralized-distributed hybrid systems with good interoperability and interoperability. The development and evolution of smart grid architecture will inevitably follow the trend of IT architecture[12]. In the evolution process, the architecture mainly presents the following three stages.

2.1 Business silo stage

The silo stage can be described as a collection of different business silos, as shown in Figure 1. Each silo serves a business unit and has its own information system. The small integration between silos maintains the effective operation of the grid. However, this feature of the silo can not meet the intelligent needs. The independent silo structure of the business will not only consume a lot of time and cost in the integrated integration in the future, but also have high risks. Therefore, the interaction between silos is the main content of the first step in the evolution.

With the emergence of new demands such as access to distributed energy, in addition to the interaction between silos and the interaction with new services, it is necessary to develop and utilize related parties and silos based on existing business silos. The corresponding interface, in addition, these different interfaces need to evolve with the needs of the development.

2.2 Bus Part Integration Stage

This stage is the standardization technology stage, mainly through the enterprise service bus (ESB) background, application and service integration, as shown in Figure 2. Supported by open standards, ESB shares application silos to the entire infrastructure, completes good inter-system interactions, and makes flexible application calls, overcoming silo architecture silos [13]. However, ESB integration requires the strict implementation of open standards and data models, otherwise the ESB will only serve as a shared communication medium.

Although the ESB architecture is also an integrated architecture to a certain extent, it is not the ultimate target architecture of the "all-in-one system," and its underlying system still maintains a certain silo nature, flexibility in meeting future business needs and business expansion. There is still a great lack of coupling.

2.3 Heterogeneous Network Convergence Stage

The Heterogeneous Network Convergence Phase focuses on the integration of heterogeneous systems, integrates business applications under heterogeneous platforms, and connects intermediate and external business-related heterogeneous systems, applications, and data sources through adapters and other middleware to meet internal application systems. The sharing of information, data, and services is shown in Figure 3.

The adapter architecture can support the continuous evolution of heterogeneous systems. This is mainly due to the adapter's interface transformation, which converts and routes heterogeneous network messages and data. However, this architecture is essentially based on message integration. It only provides an intermediate communication solution for existing application systems. It is a network integration method and does not realize business modularization, reusability of services, and standardization of services. Therefore, it is not the ultimate target architecture of the smart grid, nor can it take full advantage of the good opportunities offered by open Internet technologies.

In summary, the silo structure business will bring great difficulties for system integration and information exchange. During the evolution of the architecture, it is necessary to first strengthen the interaction between the silos of the business, integrate the application through the bus and the background, and realize the silos of the business. Integration transition; Then, on the basis of partial integration, the integration of dedicated networks and data in related fields is implemented to form an architecture that utilizes middleware to merge heterogeneous networks; after that, the architecture will transition to service-oriented and realize business modularization. .

3 Future Smart Grid Architecture Assumption

To build a smart grid system with strong adaptability and robustness requires a flexible framework as a support [14]. Service-centric integration is the most effective solution for integrating highly heterogeneous, distributed systems and applications. Therefore, the service-centric architecture is the development goal of the future IT architecture, and it is also the development trend of the future smart grid architecture.

The layered service architecture based on open standards continues the integration of ESB integration and adapter system architecture middleware of enterprise service bus, modularizes services and services through open standards, focuses on services, and combines the characteristics of the grid system and business needs. Layering service classes to form a hierarchical architecture that combines a centralized shared service stack and a distributed shared service stack, as shown in Figure 4. This architecture satisfies the main characteristics of the "system of systems". The entire system is composed of multiple independent distributed systems associated with each other. The independence lies in the independent operation and management of the member systems, and the correlation is that the member systems need to cooperate with each other to realize the system functions. This kind of synergistic relationship is only a temporary emergency [15-16].

The architecture is service-oriented and breaks down each application's functionality into accessible services. These services have the independence of protocols and technologies. Each service does not need to care about the physical location and implementation technology of other services, and can be invoked through different protocols. The services are loosely coupled and interact with each other to achieve service increase and decrease. And changes will not affect other services. Combining services in different ways will result in different business processes and can achieve different functions. When a business process changes, it is generally only necessary to modify the service composition method; when there are new business requirements, it is only necessary to design corresponding services according to business requirements and join the service stack, which can be achieved through a combination with other services. New business needs. The loose coupling and reusability of services reduces the need for system development of the underlying programming, allowing the system to implement higher quality development applications in a more flexible manner.

The interfaces in this architecture are defined consistently based on open standards, making service descriptions easy to understand and enabling service reusability; such interfaces are not tied to specific functions and can shield implementation technologies and physical locations; as long as they are guaranteed The interface of the service is unchanged, and changes in service providers and users do not affect each other, thereby minimizing the impact of changes.

The layered service architecture based on open standards supports the evolution path mentioned above. The advantage is that it can integrate existing system functions as services and protect existing infrastructure investment. In the initial stage of the architecture construction, first consider starting with the current important integration requirements, encapsulating existing systems and applications, and developing new necessary services to provide the basis for subsequent integration; as more and more integrated services become available, the ultimate Some of the new integration requirements will be implemented through existing services. The integration of the entire system will be gradually extended in a gradual manner. Due to the loose coupling and flexibility brought by open standards, existing systems are migrated to new technology platforms or replaced, and they will not affect related functional applications. This makes the entire system highly adaptable and robust.

4 Conclusion

Based on the needs and development trends of the smart grid in the future, this paper proposes the architectural objectives and principles, and pays attention to the maximum investment efficiency and the best architecture development based on the reduction of investment costs and realization of a complex smart grid architecture, emphasizing the existing grid resources. Integrated use and reusability of programs and services, and manageability of the system. The evolution path of smart grids in different stages was proposed, and the transition from the stage of the business silos to the standardization stage to the integration stage of heterogeneous networks was realized. The grid structure gradually evolved like the architectural target of future needs, avoiding the reconstruction of the grid system. The large number of equipment replacements has protected the existing construction investment to the utmost and reduced the transitional costs. It has proposed the future of the smart grid architecture. In the future, the smart grid architecture should be a layered service architecture based on open standards. Combining the advantages of using Internet technology, the system has been transformed to service-oriented and service-oriented modularization. Based on open standards services and interfaces, the architecture has become very flexible, and the service has been highly reusable and loosely coupled. This makes the system highly adaptable and robust in the face of new business additions and business changes.

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