Detailed explanation of the impact of complex electromagnetic environment on joint operations and countermeasures

Our military's future joint operations will face an extremely complex electromagnetic environment. Seriously studying the impact of complex electromagnetic environment on joint operations and actively seeking effective countermeasures has important theoretical and practical significance for winning the victory of joint operations.

I. The impact of complex electromagnetic environment on joint operations In the future joint operations, there are four main factors that cause the complex electromagnetic environment of the battlefield:

First, the electronic interference capability of the combat objects is strong. The main combat opponents are equipped with a variety of electronic warfare aircraft, and various aircraft and ships are equipped with a variety of electronic interference systems, which can implement high-intensity, multi-frequency domain electronic suppression and interference; if strong enemy intervention, very It may pose a serious threat to me by directly implementing electronic interference and suppression on me. Second, we use frequency equipment intensive. In the future joint operations, the electronic countermeasures (sub-teams) of the land, sea, air force, and second artillery units will be mostly put into use, and the electronic equipment and information weapon systems participating in the war will be of various types and models. Third, the civilian electromagnetic signal is complicated. The information industry in the combat area is developed, and the types and quantities of communication equipment are increasing at a large rate every year. Not only are various civil electromagnetic signals, but also strong, and the frequency range is wide. Fourth, the electromagnetic interference phenomenon caused by complex meteorological conditions such as natural geomagnetism and lightning is difficult to control.

In the joint operations, the above four types of electromagnetic radiation sources are intertwined, especially the fierce electronic confrontation between the enemy and the enemy in the operation, which makes the electromagnetic environment very complicated and bad, and the joint operations of our military, especially the reconnaissance assessment, firepower, and command Actions such as synergy and protection will have a major impact.

(1) The impact on reconnaissance and evaluation actions. The impact on reconnaissance and evaluation actions is mainly reflected in the following four aspects.

First, the content of reconnaissance has undergone major changes. In the complex electromagnetic environment, the two sides will compete fiercely around the competition for electromagnetic power. Compared with the traditional combat, the types of reconnaissance objects have increased, and the content and nature have also undergone major changes. In the content of reconnaissance, it is necessary not only to detect the enemy's military weapons deployment, position system and command post and other traditional physical targets, but also to focus on reconnaissance of soft targets such as performance, parameters and technical systems of various electronic equipment and equipment. In joint operations, I should use enemy early warning detection, air defense and anti-missile, electronic interference, and command communication systems as the focus of reconnaissance, and effectively grasp the information, parameters, and technical systems of electronic equipment to ensure that I effectively implement each Soft and hard action and information protection actions.

Second, the difficulty in processing intelligence information is increasing. In the future, our military will carry out joint operations. The aerial (day) based photography, radar, electronic reconnaissance and land-based, sea-based radar, electronic reconnaissance and other remote detection methods will become the main means of reconnaissance, which will increase the authenticity of intelligence information. And the difficulty of handling. In order to prevent my precise firepower, the enemy will extensively carry out e-spoofing, set up a large number of false targets, and create false information to conceal its operational deployment and reduce my impact. At present, the enemy deploys an electronic bait protection system near important radar stations, and adds multiple sets of radar antennas to each radar station for fast conversion training, making it difficult for me to determine the true position of the radar station. Strong enemies are better at creating false information, and their EA-6B electronic warfare aircraft has the ability to generate hundreds of false targets at the same time. This made it difficult for me to judge and deal with the true and false information on the battlefield intelligence, which would contain and interfere with my combat operations and command.

Third, it is difficult to accurately obtain information on the impact effect in real time. The impact assessment is the main basis for the commander to accurately determine the battlefield situation and determine the follow-up operations. After the enemy’s first fire attack, the enemy will take measures such as incitement, disguise, and deception to cover up their actual damage. At the same time, they will increase interference with various reconnaissance, detection and transmission equipment, which will seriously affect my air and sea engagement. It disturbs my access to the target strike effect information, making it difficult for me to make an accurate and real-time assessment of the strike effect.

(II) Impact on Fire Strike Actions In joint operations, in order to reduce collateral damage and improve the impact, I will use long-range strikes mainly using precision guided weapons.

Such weapons are highly dependent on the support and guarantee of electronic equipment and electronic information. Once they are disturbed, it is likely that there will be situations such as "no shots, no sudden advances, no inaccuracies", which directly affects the effect of firepower.

The first is to affect the launch of precision guided munitions. In the process of maneuvering, preparing, and launching precision guided weapons, strong electromagnetic radiation can easily cause damage to the internal electronic components of the precision-guided weapon, causing the guidance and seek functions to fail. Especially in the pre-launch and launch process, due to the influence of complex electromagnetic waves, precision-guided weapons are also prone to malfunctions, misoperations, loss of control, and even the phenomenon of launching.

Second, it is difficult to implement effective penetration. The implementation of effective penetration usually involves three levels: first, early warning. The enemy has established a relatively complete battlefield reconnaissance, surveillance and early warning system. The existing Haiguantong Station, the Air Observatory, the EC-130 electronic warfare aircraft and the E-2T early warning aircraft have implemented a full-scale, large-depth three-dimensional Reconnaissance, surveillance and early warning capabilities. It is very difficult for me to implement covert penetration. The second is interference. During the implementation of the penetration process, our aviation and cruise missiles are highly susceptible to the interference and influence of complex electromagnetic environments, such as hostile satellites and airborne early warning aircraft, guided radar and other targets to implement strong electromagnetic interference and suppression, will be against my aviation And the precision-guided weapons caused serious damage, which led me to command the interruption of the missile and the missile to deviate from the route. The third is to intercept the customs. The enemy is equipped with various types of ground-to-air, ship-to-air missiles, capable of intercepting ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and aircraft. It can be seen that the enemy's complete early warning system, strong interference capability and certain interception capabilities will pose a greater threat to my effective penetration.

The third is to reduce the accuracy of hits. The enemy is equipped with different types of electronic warfare aircraft and high-power electronic interference equipment, and its main battle aircraft and ships are equipped with defensive electronic interference equipment. In wartime, these equipment will be used primarily to interfere with and affect my precision-guided weapon attacks. If a strong enemy is involved, its advanced electronic warfare aircraft will allow me to detect and guide the radar to be basically blind. The anti-interference ability of long-range precision strike weapons and ammunition in our army is relatively weak. In the harsh electromagnetic environment, if effective warning guidance is not obtained, the impact effect will be seriously affected. According to the experimental evidence of the relevant units, the enemy electronic warfare action has a greater impact on my guided ammunition hit rate, which increases the amount of bomb consumption and increases the collateral damage. If a strong enemy suppresses me by strong electronic suppression, my air penetration rate and air interception rate will drop, which will significantly reduce my combined firepower strike capability, and the loss will increase sharply. My defense operations will face great threats, and the scheduled combat operations will be achieved. Very difficult. Due to the poor anti-jamming capability of my main combat equipment, in the exercise training in recent years, many environmental conditions closely related to joint operations involve less, and in actual combat, they are subject to strong electromagnetic interference from the enemy, and the hit rate of various types of munitions. Will be difficult to guarantee.

(3) The impact on command coordination. The complex electromagnetic environment has a great influence on command coordination, and the most important one is reflected in two aspects.

First, the content of command and control is more complicated. In the future, our military will jointly operate, and the various arms and services in the multi-dimensional battlefield under the complex electromagnetic environment will simultaneously carry out a variety of combat styles and combat operations. The content of command and control is large, the field is wide, and the span is large. For example, in conjunction with the fire fighting campaign, it is necessary not only to organize the cooperation of firearms, soft and hard attacks, firepower strikes and force assaults of various arms, but also to increase the organization's comprehensive control over the electromagnetic spectrum and the synergy of the electromagnetic environment with frequency weapons and equipment. . According to relevant statistics, in the future joint battle battlefield of 1000 square kilometers, there are hundreds of electromagnetic radiation sources of 0-500MHz, and there are dozens of electromagnetic radiation sources of 8-40GHz. These radiation sources not only constitute a complex electromagnetic environment, but also affect them. Only by strengthening the comprehensive control of the electromagnetic spectrum can we ensure smooth and stable command and control and smooth implementation of coordinated actions.

Second, the stability of command coordination is seriously threatened. In the complex electromagnetic environment, my command and control system will face the dual threat of enemy hard destruction and soft attack. The enemy not only pays attention to the priority strike of the targets such as reconnaissance and early warning and command information system, but also emphasizes the implementation of multi-mode, high-power, full-band electronic soft attacks on my command information system, which leads me to interrupt and coordinate the disorder; meanwhile, I The command information system may also be attacked by enemy networks. According to the data, there are at least tens of thousands of virus samples in the enemy information war virus laboratory. These will put a serious threat to the stability, reliability and security of my command.

(IV) Impact on protective actions Under the conditions of informationization, the struggle between the enemy and the enemy in the electromagnetic field is very fierce, and electronic protection has become one of the most important protective actions.

In the future joint operations, combat opponents have strong electronic offensive capabilities. The electronic warfare aircraft, communication jammers, and electronic jammers equipped by the Air Force electronic warfare units can fully interfere with our radar in the range of tens to hundreds of kilometers; the ground electronic warfare forces are equipped with a variety of vehicle-mounted jamming systems. I have implemented full-frequency interference for short-wave and ultra-short-wave communications, and the distance can reach hundreds of kilometers. The ground-to-air communication counter-system can interfere with my radio communication network and ground-based radars, and can implement counterfeiting and fraud. If a strong enemy implements military intervention in the form of information support and electromagnetic attack, it will pose a serious threat to my reconnaissance and early warning and command and control systems. At the same time, with the improvement of the performance of reconnaissance and monitoring equipment, it is more difficult to conceal and disguise important targets such as command posts in complex electromagnetic environments. Fighting under informatization conditions emphasizes the integration of information and firepower, and discovery means destruction. Therefore, doing a good job of electromagnetic protection is of great significance for winning the victory of joint operations. To a certain extent, the success or failure of electromagnetic protection determines the success or failure of joint operations.

Second, the main countermeasures for dealing with complex electromagnetic environment should win the victory of joint operations. The idea of ​​“power priority and stability system” should be established in the operational guidance, and we should take this as an in-depth study to explore practical and feasible countermeasures.

(1) In the way of starting the war, it was suddenly launched, and the sudden attack of the heavy hammer was a multiplier for the combat effectiveness of the ancient and modern Chinese and foreign troops. We must make full use of our military's advantage in launching combat in the future joint operations, concentrate on the fine weapon, suddenly and violently carry out the strike, achieve the suddenness of the battle and the battle, and destroy the supporting role in the enemy combat system. Information systems, especially enemy early warning detection systems and electronic offensive equipment, minimize the complexity of the electromagnetic environment caused by enemy electronic attacks, and the first battle is to seize the initiative.

The first is the hidden and rapid assembly of weapons. Concealed and rapid assembly of weapons is an important prerequisite and means to achieve the suddenness of the battle. In the future joint operations, my strategic deep-seated combat operations such as maneuvering forward, deployment adjustment, etc. are easily subject to reconnaissance and surveillance by the enemy forces, which brings great difficulties to the suddenness of the battle, and must take effective measures to conceal the rapid assembly of weapons. I can make full use of the weaknesses, blind spots, nighttimes, bad weather, etc. of the enemy reconnaissance surveillance system, adopt hidden cover, disperse maneuvers and other measures to conceal the assembly of weapons and weapons; or exercise training and military deterrence operations as cover, secretly complete joint operations deployment.

The second is to carefully select the timing of the war. The choice of the timing of the war should be carefully planned to find the enemy. By announcing the entry and elimination of the state of war, the implementation of true and false incomprehensible war preparations, creating false information, true and false information, causing exhaustion and illusion in enemy psychology and judgment, in the enemy's paralysis and unintentional Suddenly launching a war; it is also possible to use a bad weather or a major unexpected event of the other party. The authorities are unable to take care of or fail to make a timely response and suddenly launch an operation. The third is to concentrate on using the elite forces to carry out the first assault. It is necessary to focus on the first battle to minimize the enemy's information warfare advantage, defeat the enemy's electromagnetic equipment system, and effectively deprive the enemy of the right to information and air superiority. The first round of assaults will focus on the fine weapon, especially the concentration of information offensive weapons and precision strike weapons. Using the "soft killing" and "hard destruction" methods, the enemy will carry out high-intensity, precise, continuous and violent shocking heavy hammer slamming, destroying and defeating the information warfare forces in one fell swoop, and minimizing the enemy's electronic attack. I formed a complex electromagnetic environment to produce the greatest military and political benefits.

(2) In the target selection, the first wave of attack focus is based on reconnaissance and early warning, command information system and electronic interference equipment.

The electromagnetic facility and its associated weapon platform are the key targets in the enemy's combat system. In order to seize the right to information on the battlefield system, I must first strike such targets, weaken the local advantages of the enemy in this respect, and cause radar blindness, communication interruption, command failure, and electronic attack and defense capabilities to drop significantly.

First, the enemy's main reconnaissance and early warning facilities and platforms are the preferred targets. Reconnaissance and early warning facilities and platforms are the "eyes" of the modern army and the basis for the implementation of information operations. The smooth implementation of our joint operations and the full play of the effectiveness of weapons strikes will have a serious impact. Therefore, targets such as enemy early warning aircraft, reporting center, long-range early warning radar, reconnaissance satellite and ground receiving station must be destroyed as the preferred target.

The second is to use the enemy's main command information system as a key target. The command information system is the control center of modern warfare and the army, and its attack will seriously reduce the enemy's command and control functions. In combat, it is necessary to select key targets such as key nodes of the enemy command center, CISR system and communication hub. The third is to use the enemy's main electronic interference equipment as the preferred target. Electronic interference equipment is the main equipment that constitutes a complex electromagnetic environment and implements information warfare. It is necessary to optimize the targets such as enemy electronic interference centers, electronic interference radars, and electronic interference aircraft.

(3) In terms of methods and means of warfare, combining soft and hard, multi-method and multi-method for the complex electromagnetic environment, in the future joint cooperation, we must base ourselves on the actual situation of our army, comprehensively use various weapons and equipment and technical forces, and implement proactive information. Offensive, adopting a variety of methods and means, combining soft and hard, fostering strengths and avoiding shortcomings, comprehensively composing enemies, weakening and reducing the enemy's information superiority, and minimizing the impact of complex electromagnetic environment on our combat operations.

First, the combination of firepower destruction and electromagnetic interference. All kinds of targets for enemy information operations should adopt different methods of attack according to their different natures and characteristics. For CISR command information system, because of its strong dependence on computer network and communication wireless network, it can be soft-killed by means of network attack and electromagnetic interference, so that it can lose its proper function; for large-scale electronic interference equipment and electronics Interfering aircraft and early warning aircraft, reporting centers, radars, satellite ground receiving stations and other targets, should use the cruise missiles, conventional ballistic missiles and other long-range precision strike weapons to carry out hard strikes, physically destroyed. To cooperate with soft and hard strikes, various fire strike operations should be implemented with the support and cooperation of electromagnetic operations. According to the actual situation of the battlefield, determine the timing of electromagnetic interference and firepower destruction, so that the two actions can cooperate with each other to improve the comprehensive operational effectiveness of the soft and hard killing means; strengthen the electromagnetic spectrum control, avoid the impact of electromagnetic interference action on the fire destruction action, and ensure the firepower Destroy the frequency requirements of the operation.

The second is the combination of long-range firepower and special operations. In the joint fire attack operation, the main purpose is to use the operational tactical missiles, aviation and naval long-range firepower to carry out assaults on specific targets of the enemy. In order to improve the strike effect and timely and accurately conduct reconnaissance and evaluation, special operations forces should be used to assist and cooperate with the strike operations to achieve the strength. Organic combination with firepower. Special reconnaissance and evaluation will be an important means of evaluating the effectiveness of our long-range firepower in joint operations. We should carefully organize the special combat forces to counter the reconnaissance and evaluation of the important targets, so as to make up for the shortcomings of my long-range reconnaissance and evaluation capabilities. At the same time, the force strike can be used as a supplement to the firepower. Certain specific targets cannot be effectively destroyed by using firepower. They need to use special operations forces to attack, such as the firepower strike corner, the command information center with strong protection, and the important electronics located in the underground work. Interference system, etc.

The third is the combination of high-tech means and traditional methods and methods. In the future joint operations, we must focus on the use of advanced information-based operations, and we should not ignore traditional methods and means of warfare. This is not only because of the limited number of precision-guided weapons, but also the need to rely on a large number of ordinary ammunition. More importantly, if the strong enemy implements information support, the effectiveness of my limited number of informational weapons and command and control systems will be greatly reduced. It may not even be usable, which ultimately makes it difficult for me to grasp the information advantage. Therefore, based on the most complicated and difficult situations, we still need to use traditional methods to implement command and combat. From the practice of recent local wars, some traditional methods of warfare can still play an important role under the conditions of informationization. In the Kosovo War, the Yugoslav Army faced NATO's high-intensity air strikes, using terrain and vegetation to conceal weapons, using mobile evasive strikes, using methods such as manufacturing smoke to interfere with enemy reconnaissance and guidance, and using wired and relay communications to transmit information. , greatly reducing the NATO air raid effect. Therefore, while focusing on the development and use of advanced informational command systems and weapons and equipment, there must be preparations for using traditional methods and means. In particular, it is necessary to focus on innovation and develop methods and means that are simple to use and less affected by the electromagnetic environment, so as to ensure that command and combat can be carried out without interruption in the most difficult and complicated situations.

The fourth is the combination of attack and protection. In the joint operations carried out by our military in the future, the enemy must use its electromagnetic advantages and, with the support of strong enemies, fully attack the important targets such as the command and control center, the reconnaissance and surveillance system, and the informationized weapon platform. Therefore, I must adhere to the principle of active attack and actively prepare for protection. First of all, we must minimize and strictly control the time when the important target electronic equipment is turned on, and prevent the enemy from knowing the information such as electromagnetic information and location through electronic reconnaissance. Some key electromagnetic targets can establish a covert backup mechanism from the frequency and equipment, so that the level of war is different, so that the spectrum and electromagnetic information used by our army for training and combat preparation are different from those of wartime. Enable hidden frequencies and backup systems when necessary to ensure uninterrupted operation of critical electromagnetic targets. Secondly, it is necessary to physically shield important electromagnetic targets and transfer them to underground work as much as possible to reduce the effect of hostile and hard targets against my important targets. Thirdly, it is necessary to show falsely, to deform, camouflage, change electromagnetic characteristics and set false targets for targets that need to be protected, so that even if these targets are found, the enemy surveillance system cannot correctly identify and achieve the goal of protecting the real target.

(4) In the use of strategy, flexible deception and incitement strategies in the local war under informatization conditions, the transparency of the battlefield has increased, and brought many new challenges to the traditional strategy. However, this does not exclude strategy and Reduce the role of strategy. Especially in the case that our military's weapons and equipment are not dominant, we must pay more attention to the accurate use of flexible strategies to accurately grasp the electromagnetic information of the enemy command and control system and important weapons and equipment, so that we can compete for the right to information and even compete for the entire battlefield. The dominant position in the struggle for power.

First, the actual soldiers incited the enemy to expose the electronic target. In a normal or tense situation, a series of carefully arranged actions are carried out to induce the enemy to expose its electromagnetic information. Non-combat troops can be organized to carry out warplane transitions, deploy troops to sensitive areas, conduct targeted joint exercises of various arms and services, dispatch advanced weapons and equipment training, and frequently communicate with communication systems to induce enemies to open reconnaissance and surveillance systems to me. Monitoring, weapons and equipment into combat readiness, I took the opportunity to collect their electromagnetic signals and related information.

Second, the "heavy soldiers pressure" forced enemy air defense early warning radar to start. The enemy prevents me from hard and soft killing of its information system and information weapon platform. It may take measures such as not booting, compressing boot time, setting false electromagnetic signals to protect the secret of electromagnetic information, making it difficult for me to detect real electromagnetic information. . In this regard, when the situation is tense, I can put on a tough offensive posture and force the enemy to react. By launching new fighters to approach or cross the relevant areas, patrols of naval vessels, and launching missiles to relevant areas, the enemy reconnaissance early warning system and weapon system are forced to start work, capturing important targets such as early warning aircraft, air defense missiles, advanced warplanes, and ground warning radars. The electromagnetic information of the naval advanced ship, master its working frequency, band, electromagnetic signal characteristics, deployment position and so on.

The third is to camouflage the offensive scam enemy electronic device to boot. Make full use of electronic warfare technology to launch electromagnetic slamming attacks on the enemy. For example, the squadron uses high-power radio stations to communicate with the enemy's CISR system and weapon system, causing misidentification of the enemy and fighting against our army. Combat the launch of the relevant weapon system and expose its true electromagnetic information.

Through a series of deception and incitement strategies, timely access to enemy electromagnetic information, and then, according to its deployment location, degree of protection, and its own characteristics, combined with the characteristics of our high-tech weapons and equipment, the characteristics of the participating troops, respectively, or the combined use of electronic attacks, fire damage , special attacks and other means to effectively combat enemy electronic equipment and information systems, effectively seize the information advantage, master the battlefield initiative.

(5) In combat command, insisting on the combination of centralized command and decentralized command is a basic condition for the smooth operation of combat operations.

In the future, our army will implement joint operations. The intervention of strong enemies is inevitable, and the most likely is to use its information warfare advantages to implement soft attacks on our reconnaissance and early warning and command and control systems, causing my command to be interrupted. Therefore, under the circumstance of ensuring the achievement of operational intentions, we should adhere to the combination of centralized command and decentralized command, and give full play to the flexibility and effectiveness of decentralized command.

First, the combination of the operational command methods must conform to the general intentions and plans of the operations. In the campaign preparation phase, a unified operational plan should be developed based on the overall strategic intent and operational objectives. In combat, the main operations and major emergencies that can affect the course and outcome of the campaign should be based on centralized command and give full play to the overall synergy of the various arms. Even in very difficult circumstances, commanders at all levels must resolutely focus on the overall strategic intent, maintain active combat and coordination, and ensure uniform operational objectives.

The second is to make a variety of plans flexibly considering the possible conditions of the battlefield. In order to adapt to the complex and ever-changing situation of the battlefield and cope with unexpected situations that may occur at any time, the most difficult and complicated situation should be established in the preparation of the war plan, such as different levels of intervention by strong enemies, disruption of command by our military, and suffering from important operations. Major setbacks, etc., develop a variety of programs and prepare for multiple. At the same time, there should be some room in the plan to enable the commander to have the necessary reserves and resources to deal with the unexpected situation beyond the plan.

The third is to take the initiative and boldly implement the command according to the actual situation of the battlefield. When the command and control system of our military is attacked and the command is interrupted, the lower level commander should give full play to the subjective initiative, use the intelligence reconnaissance system of this level to collect the battlefield intelligence, and carry out the initiative and decisive implementation based on the comprehensive analysis of the battlefield situation. command. When there is no fundamental change in the battlefield situation, even if the command is interrupted, it must be implemented as planned. When there is a major change in the battlefield situation, it is necessary to focus on achieving the overall intention, and to set aside the idea to strive to achieve the intended operational objectives.

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